10 Best Over-the-Counter Flea Treatments for Cats
When it comes to keeping your cat flea-free, choosing the right over-the-counter flea treatment can be overwhelming. With so many products available, it’s essential to know which options are safe, effective, and easy to use.
Key Takeaways: Quick Solutions for Flea-Free Cats
- What’s the most effective OTC flea treatment for cats? Frontline Plus and Advantage II are top-rated for killing fleas and preventing reinfestation.
- Are natural flea treatments safe and effective? Yes, but they work best as preventatives rather than active treatments.
- Can I use dog flea treatments on my cat? Never. Dog flea treatments contain ingredients that can be toxic to cats.
- How often should I treat my cat for fleas? Most flea treatments are applied monthly but check product guidelines.
Let’s dive into the critical questions and find out which over-the-counter flea treatments work best for your cat.
1. What’s the Most Effective Over-the-Counter Flea Treatment for Cats?
One of the most effective over-the-counter flea treatments for cats is Frontline Plus for Cats. This topical treatment kills adult fleas, flea eggs, and larvae, breaking the flea lifecycle to prevent reinfestation. It also protects against ticks, which can carry diseases like Lyme disease.
Another highly effective option is Advantage II for Cats, which works quickly to kill fleas within 12 hours of application and is waterproof, so it continues to protect your cat even after bathing.
💡 Pro Tip: Both of these products are monthly treatments, so consistent application is key to keeping fleas at bay.
| Treatment | Active Ingredients | How It Works | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|---|
| Frontline Plus | Fipronil, S-methoprene | Kills fleas, ticks, and prevents eggs from hatching | Apply monthly for consistent protection 🕒 |
| Advantage II | Imidacloprid, Pyriproxyfen | Kills adult fleas and stops the flea life cycle | Fast-acting, works within 12 hours ⚡️ |
2. Are Natural Flea Treatments Safe and Effective for Cats?
Natural flea treatments can be safe and effective but are often best suited as preventative measures rather than treatments for active infestations. Products like Vet’s Best Flea & Tick Spray use natural ingredients such as peppermint oil and eugenol (from clove plants) to repel fleas without the use of harsh chemicals.
While natural options can help keep fleas away, they may not be as potent as chemical treatments in addressing severe infestations. If you prefer natural methods, look for products that are cat-safe and approved for feline use, as some essential oils can be toxic to cats.
💡 Pro Tip: Natural flea treatments work well in combination with regular grooming and vacuuming to prevent fleas from taking hold in your home.
| Natural Flea Treatment | Active Ingredients | How It Works | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vet’s Best Flea & Tick Spray | Peppermint Oil, Eugenol | Repels fleas naturally without chemicals | Ideal for mild infestations or as a preventative 🌿 |
3. Can I Use Dog Flea Treatments on My Cat?
Never use flea treatments meant for dogs on your cat. Dog flea treatments often contain pyrethrins or permethrin, which are highly toxic to cats and can cause seizures, drooling, or even death. Cats are more sensitive to certain chemicals than dogs, and flea treatments are formulated specifically for each species.
Always ensure that the product you choose is labeled specifically for cats, and if you’re unsure, consult your veterinarian for guidance.
💡 Pro Tip: If you have both cats and dogs in your home, make sure to treat them with species-specific flea products to avoid accidental exposure.
| Treatment Warning | Why It’s Dangerous | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Dog Flea Treatments | May contain pyrethrins or permethrin | Always check labels to ensure safety for cats 🐾 |
4. How Often Should I Treat My Cat for Fleas?
Most over-the-counter flea treatments for cats are designed to be applied monthly. This regular treatment helps not only to kill any existing fleas but also to prevent new infestations by targeting flea eggs and larvae. It’s important to follow the product’s guidelines for how often it should be applied, as applying too frequently could expose your cat to unnecessary chemicals, while skipping treatments could leave them vulnerable to reinfestation.
For severe flea infestations, your vet may recommend a flea bath or capstar tablets as a quick-acting solution, followed by monthly maintenance treatments.
💡 Pro Tip: Set a reminder on your phone or calendar for monthly flea treatment applications to keep your cat consistently protected.
| Treatment Frequency | When to Apply | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Monthly Flea Treatments | Apply once a month | Set calendar reminders to stay on track 📅 |
5. How Do Flea Collars for Cats Compare to Topical Treatments?
Flea collars like the Seresto Flea and Tick Collar for Cats offer a long-lasting solution compared to monthly topical treatments. The Seresto collar provides 8 months of continuous protection, releasing a low dose of flea-killing chemicals over time. This is convenient for cat owners who prefer not to reapply treatments every month.
While flea collars are effective, they may not be as immediate as topical treatments, which can start killing fleas within hours. However, for long-term prevention, a flea collar can be an excellent option.
💡 Pro Tip: Flea collars are ideal for cats who dislike topical applications or for owners who want low-maintenance protection.
| Flea Collar | Duration of Effectiveness | How It Works | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|---|
| Seresto Flea and Tick Collar | Up to 8 months | Releases flea-killing chemicals over time | Great for cats that dislike topicals 🐈 |
6. Are Oral Flea Treatments Effective for Cats?
Yes, oral flea treatments such as Capstar (nitenpyram) are highly effective in providing fast-acting relief for flea infestations. Capstar begins killing fleas within 30 minutes and can eliminate most adult fleas on your cat within a few hours. However, oral treatments like Capstar only kill adult fleas, so they’re typically used for immediate relief and followed up with a longer-term preventative solution, such as a monthly topical treatment or flea collar.
💡 Pro Tip: Oral flea treatments are a great emergency option if you notice fleas on your cat and want them gone quickly.
| Oral Flea Treatment | How Fast It Works | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Capstar (Nitenpyram) | Starts killing fleas in 30 minutes | Best for immediate relief followed by long-term treatment 🚀 |
7. Can Flea Shampoos Be Used as a Long-Term Solution for Cats?
Flea shampoos are effective at killing fleas on contact, but they are typically not a long-term solution. Products like Adams Plus Flea & Tick Shampoo kill adult fleas, larvae, and eggs during the bath but do not provide ongoing protection once the shampoo is rinsed off. For long-term flea control, you’ll need to follow up with a topical treatment, oral medication, or a flea collar.
Flea shampoos can be a great first step if your cat has an active flea infestation, but they should be combined with other preventative treatments to stop fleas from coming back.
💡 Pro Tip: Use flea shampoo for immediate relief, but always follow up with a longer-lasting flea treatment to prevent reinfestation.
| Flea Shampoo | How It Works | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Adams Plus Flea & Tick Shampoo | Kills fleas on contact during bath | Use as a first step for infestations, followed by a long-term treatment 🛁 |
8. Are Flea Sprays for the Home Necessary, or Will Treating My Cat Be Enough?
If you’re dealing with a flea infestation, treating your cat alone may not be enough. Fleas can live in your carpets, furniture, and bedding, so it’s crucial to treat the environment as well. Flea sprays like Adams Flea and Tick Home Spray can help eliminate fleas from your home and prevent them from reinfesting your cat.
For best results, combine flea treatments for your cat with vacuuming, washing bedding, and using flea sprays in areas where your cat spends time.
💡 Pro Tip: Don’t forget to treat your car if your cat rides with you, as fleas can hitch a ride in your vehicle too.
| Flea Spray for Home | What It Targets | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Adams Flea and Tick Home Spray | Kills fleas in carpets, bedding, and furniture | Combine with regular vacuuming and washing bedding 🏠 |
9. What Should I Do if My Cat Has a Severe Flea Allergy?
If your cat has flea allergy dermatitis (FAD), even a single flea bite can cause severe itching, redness, and hair loss. In these cases, using an over-the-counter flea treatment is essential, but you may also need to consult your veterinarian for additional treatments, such as anti-inflammatory medications or corticosteroids to reduce the allergic reaction.
For long-term prevention, choose a flea treatment that provides comprehensive protection and eliminates fleas before they bite, such as Frontline Plus or Advantage II.
💡 Pro Tip: If your cat has flea allergies, it’s critical to use flea preventatives year-round to avoid flare-ups, even if fleas aren’t visible.
| Treatment for Flea Allergy | What to Use | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Frontline Plus, Advantage II | Kills fleas before they bite | Consult vet for additional anti-allergy treatments 🐾 |
10. Can Kittens Use Over-the-Counter Flea Treatments, or Are They Only for Adult Cats?
Not all flea treatments are safe for kittens, so it’s important to choose a product that is specifically labeled for young cats. Some products, like Capstar, are safe for kittens as young as 4 weeks old, while others, like Advantage II, can be used on kittens starting at 8 weeks of age. Always check the age and weight requirements on the label before applying any flea treatment to a kitten.
💡 Pro Tip: If your kitten is too young for flea treatments, focus on frequent grooming with a flea comb and keep their bedding clean until they are old enough for treatment.
| Kitten Flea Treatment | Age Requirements | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Capstar, Advantage II | Safe for kittens 4-8 weeks | Use a flea comb for younger kittens and check labels 🍼 |
Final Thoughts: Choosing the Best Flea Treatment for Your Cat
Choosing the right over-the-counter flea treatment for your cat depends on factors like age, infestation severity, and whether your cat has any allergies. With options like Frontline Plus, Advantage II, Capstar, and natural remedies, you have plenty of tools to keep your cat flea-free. Always follow the product guidelines, and remember to treat both your pet and your home for the best results!
Comment 1: “Can I use flea collars like Seresto on my cat if she’s already on a topical treatment like Frontline Plus?”
Yes, you can combine treatments like a Seresto flea collar with Frontline Plus for additional protection, but it’s essential to proceed with caution. These two treatments target fleas using different active ingredients and modes of action: Frontline Plus contains fipronil and S-methoprene, which kill fleas and prevent eggs from hatching, while the Seresto collar uses imidacloprid and flumethrin to repel and kill fleas and ticks.
When combining treatments, it’s important to monitor your cat for any signs of overexposure to flea medications, such as lethargy, excessive drooling, or skin irritation. If your cat seems to tolerate both well, using these products together can offer extra protection, especially in areas with high flea and tick populations.
💡 Pro Tip: If you’re unsure about combining treatments, consult your veterinarian first. They can assess your cat’s specific needs and help tailor a multi-layered flea prevention plan.
| Combination of Treatments | How It Works | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Seresto + Frontline Plus | Offers comprehensive flea and tick protection | Monitor your cat for any signs of overexposure 🐾 |
Comment 2: “Are natural flea treatments like essential oil sprays as effective as chemical treatments like Advantage II?”
While natural flea treatments like essential oil sprays can be a safer alternative for pet owners looking to avoid harsh chemicals, they are typically less potent and more suited for prevention than treatment of active infestations. Essential oils such as peppermint, cedarwood, and eugenol work by repelling fleas, but they may not eliminate severe infestations or kill flea eggs and larvae as effectively as Advantage II or other chemical treatments.
Natural sprays are ideal if your cat spends limited time outdoors and is less prone to flea infestations. However, for cats in high-flea environments or with flea allergies, a stronger chemical solution may be necessary to fully eradicate the flea lifecycle.
💡 Pro Tip: If you choose to use natural flea treatments, combine them with regular grooming and environmental control (vacuuming and washing bedding) for the best results.
| Natural Flea Treatment | Best Use Case | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Essential Oil Sprays | Prevents fleas, mild infestations | Best combined with grooming and environmental control 🌿 |
Comment 3: “How do flea shampoos compare to other forms of flea treatment like topical solutions or oral medications?”
Flea shampoos provide immediate relief by killing fleas on contact, making them an effective choice for addressing active infestations quickly. However, unlike topical solutions or oral medications, shampoos do not offer long-term protection. Once the shampoo is rinsed off, it doesn’t continue to prevent fleas from reinfesting your cat. This makes flea shampoos a good first step for an active infestation, but they should be followed by a monthly topical treatment or flea collar to keep fleas at bay in the long term.
Oral medications like Capstar work similarly in terms of quick relief but tend to target only adult fleas, whereas topicals such as Frontline Plus or Advantage II offer comprehensive protection by killing adult fleas, eggs, and larvae.
💡 Pro Tip: Use a flea shampoo when you need to get rid of fleas fast, but always follow up with a topical or oral treatment to prevent future infestations.
| Flea Shampoo vs. Topical/Oral | How They Compare | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Flea Shampoo | Kills fleas on contact, no long-term protection | Ideal for immediate relief, follow with a monthly treatment 🛁 |
Comment 4: “What’s the safest flea treatment for kittens under 8 weeks of age?”
Kittens under 8 weeks are more sensitive to flea treatments, and many over-the-counter products aren’t labeled for use in young kittens. In these cases, the safest option is manual flea removal using a flea comb combined with frequent bathing in mild, kitten-safe soap. This helps remove fleas from the fur without exposing your kitten to harsh chemicals.
For kittens as young as 4 weeks, Capstar (nitenpyram) is a safe and effective oral flea treatment that kills adult fleas within 30 minutes, providing immediate relief. However, Capstar is only a temporary solution, and you’ll need to introduce longer-term flea control measures, such as topical treatments, once your kitten is old enough.
💡 Pro Tip: Be sure to treat the environment where the kitten lives, including bedding and carpets, as fleas can quickly reinfest a young kitten from the surroundings.
| Kitten Flea Treatment | Safe for Kittens Under 8 Weeks? | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Flea Comb + Capstar | Yes, safe for young kittens | Treat the kitten’s environment as well to prevent reinfestation 🍼 |
Comment 5: “Why does my indoor cat need flea treatment if she never goes outside?”
Even though your cat stays indoors, she can still be exposed to fleas. Fleas can hitch a ride into your home on your clothing, shoes, or even on other pets or animals that enter your yard. Once inside, fleas can quickly reproduce and cause a full-blown infestation that affects not only your cat but your home environment as well.
Indoor cats, especially those with flea allergies or sensitive skin, can suffer from flea bites just as severely as outdoor cats. That’s why it’s essential to use a monthly flea preventative like Advantage II or Frontline Plus to ensure your indoor cat stays flea-free year-round.
💡 Pro Tip: Regularly vacuum and wash your cat’s bedding, as fleas can live in carpets and soft furnishings, even if you don’t see them.
| Indoor Cat Flea Risk | Why Treatment is Necessary | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Fleas Hitchhike Indoors | Fleas can enter your home on clothing, shoes, or other pets | Use flea preventatives year-round for protection 🏠 |
Comment 6: “How do I know if my cat’s flea treatment is working, and what should I do if it’s not?”
You can usually tell if your cat’s flea treatment is working by observing a reduction in scratching, flea dirt, and visible fleas on their fur. If your cat seems less agitated and you notice fewer signs of flea activity within the first 24-48 hours, the treatment is likely effective.
However, if the flea problem persists despite using a flea treatment, it could be due to a few reasons:
- Reinfestation from the environment: Fleas may be living in your carpets, furniture, or pet bedding and reinfesting your cat.
- Incorrect application: If the topical treatment wasn’t applied properly, it might not be fully effective.
- Resistance to the treatment: Fleas in some areas may have developed resistance to certain treatments, making them less effective.
If the treatment isn’t working, consult your vet for advice. They may recommend switching to a different flea control product or incorporating environmental treatments like flea sprays for your home.
💡 Pro Tip: Use a flea comb after treatment to manually remove any remaining fleas and monitor the effectiveness of the treatment.
| Flea Treatment Effectiveness | Signs It’s Working | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Reduction in Flea Dirt and Scratching | Fewer visible fleas within 24-48 hours | Use a flea comb to monitor for remaining fleas 🐾 |
Comment 7: “How long does it take for topical flea treatments like Frontline Plus or Advantage II to work?”
Topical flea treatments like Frontline Plus and Advantage II typically start working within 12 to 24 hours of application. These treatments are designed to kill adult fleas on contact, as well as target flea eggs and larvae to prevent future infestations. You may notice a significant reduction in flea activity on your cat within the first day of treatment, with full effectiveness reached in 48 hours.
Keep in mind that these treatments work best when applied monthly, as they offer continuous protection by breaking the flea life cycle.
💡 Pro Tip: Make sure to apply the topical treatment to the skin between your cat’s shoulder blades, not just on the fur, to ensure it absorbs properly.
| Time to Full Effectiveness | How Long It Takes | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| 12-24 Hours | Starts killing fleas within the first day | Apply directly to the skin between the shoulders for best results 🕒 |
Comment 8: “What should I do if my cat has a reaction to a flea treatment?”
If your cat has a reaction to a flea treatment, such as excessive drooling, vomiting, skin irritation, or lethargy, it’s important to take immediate action. First, if the product is a topical treatment, gently wash the area with mild soap and water to remove any remaining product from your cat’s fur and skin.
Next, contact your veterinarian, as they can provide guidance on managing the reaction and determine whether your cat requires medical treatment. In severe cases, such as seizures or difficulty breathing, seek emergency veterinary care right away.
💡 Pro Tip: Always test a small amount of a new flea treatment on your cat first, especially if they have a history of sensitive skin or allergies.
| Reaction to Flea Treatment | What to Do | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Skin Irritation, Drooling | Wash area with mild soap and water, contact vet | Test new products with a small amount first to check for reactions 🚿 |
Comment 9: “Can I switch flea treatments if the one I’m using isn’t working well for my cat?”
Yes, you can switch flea treatments if the current product isn’t working well, but it’s important to give each treatment enough time to show results before making the switch. Most flea treatments require at least 24-48 hours to start killing fleas, and for full effectiveness, you may need to wait a few days. If, after this time, you don’t see a reduction in fleas, it may be time to try a different product.
When switching flea treatments, choose a product with different active ingredients. For example, if you’re using Frontline Plus (fipronil and S-methoprene), try Advantage II (imidacloprid and pyriproxyfen) to target fleas in a new way.
💡 Pro Tip: Always consult your vet before switching flea treatments to ensure that there are no risks of overmedication or adverse reactions.
| Switching Flea Treatments | When to Switch | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| After 48 hours with no results | Choose a treatment with different active ingredients | Consult your vet before making the switch to avoid overmedication 🐕 |
Comment 10: “Can I use flea treatments designed for large cats on my smaller kitten?”
No, you should never use flea treatments designed for larger cats on kittens or smaller cats, as this can result in overdosing and cause serious side effects, such as toxicity or neurological issues. Flea treatments are carefully formulated based on the weight and age of the cat, and using the wrong dosage can lead to harmful consequences. Always check the product label for age and weight requirements, and if your kitten is too young for topical treatments, stick to manual flea removal with a flea comb and baths until they reach the recommended age or weight for safe use.
💡 Pro Tip: For kittens, consider treatments specifically designed for young cats, such as Capstar, which is safe for kittens as young as 4 weeks. Always consult your vet if you’re unsure which product is appropriate for your kitten’s age or size.
| Kitten Flea Treatment | Why It’s Important | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Only use age/weight-appropriate products | Overdosing can lead to toxicity or neurological issues | Use Capstar for kittens 4+ weeks, and always check weight guidelines 🍼 |
Comment 11: “Why is my cat still scratching after I applied flea treatment?”
It’s common for cats to continue scratching for a few days after a flea treatment, even if the product is working. This could be due to dead fleas or flea debris left on your cat’s skin, which can still cause irritation. Fleas also release toxins when they die, which can temporarily worsen itching. If your cat was suffering from a severe infestation, it may take some time for their skin to fully heal from flea bites and irritation.
If the scratching persists beyond 5-7 days or seems to be getting worse, it may indicate that the treatment is ineffective or that your cat has developed a secondary skin infection from excessive scratching. In such cases, a visit to the vet may be necessary to rule out other conditions or discuss switching to a different flea treatment.
💡 Pro Tip: After treatment, use a flea comb to remove dead fleas and debris from your cat’s fur. This can help alleviate some of the irritation and speed up recovery.
| Continued Scratching After Treatment | Why It Happens | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Dead fleas and flea debris can cause irritation | May take several days for skin to heal | Use a flea comb to remove debris and monitor for secondary infections 🐈 |
Comment 12: “Can I use multiple flea treatments at once to get faster results?”
Using multiple flea treatments at the same time is not recommended and can be dangerous. Many flea products contain potent active ingredients, and combining them can lead to overmedication, which increases the risk of toxicity, skin reactions, or more serious side effects like seizures or organ damage.
If your cat has a severe flea infestation, it’s better to use one treatment at a time and allow it to work over the course of several days. For more immediate relief, you can start with a Capstar oral tablet, which kills adult fleas quickly, and then follow up with a topical flea treatment like Frontline Plus to continue eliminating fleas and prevent future infestations.
💡 Pro Tip: Always follow the product’s instructions and consult your vet before using any additional treatments. They can guide you on how to safely handle severe infestations without overmedicating your cat.
| Using Multiple Flea Treatments | Why It’s Dangerous | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Risk of overmedication or toxicity | Can cause seizures, skin reactions, or organ damage | Use Capstar for quick relief, then follow with a topical treatment under vet guidance 🩺 |
Comment 13: “Is it necessary to treat my home and other pets if only one cat has fleas?”
Yes, if one of your cats has fleas, it’s crucial to treat your entire home and any other pets in the household. Fleas reproduce rapidly, and even if you don’t see fleas on your other pets or in your home, they can still be lurking in carpets, bedding, and furniture, ready to reinfest your treated cat.
In addition to treating all your pets with appropriate flea preventatives, you should also take steps to eliminate fleas from the environment. This includes vacuuming frequently, washing pet bedding in hot water, and using flea sprays or powders designed for home use, such as Adams Flea and Tick Home Spray. Failure to treat the environment and all pets may lead to a persistent flea problem, even after treating the infested cat.
💡 Pro Tip: Don’t forget to treat areas your cat frequents, such as couches, carpets, and even your car if your cat rides with you. Fleas can survive in these places for weeks.
| Treating Home and Other Pets | Why It’s Necessary | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Fleas can hide in carpets, furniture, and bedding | Even non-infested pets can carry fleas | Use flea sprays, vacuum frequently, and wash bedding in hot water 🏡 |
Comment 14: “Can fleas build resistance to certain treatments, and how can I tell if this is happening?”
Yes, fleas can develop resistance to certain flea treatments over time, especially if the same product is used repeatedly for long periods. This resistance occurs when fleas adapt to the active ingredients in the treatment, rendering it less effective. Signs that fleas are becoming resistant include seeing no reduction in flea activity after applying the treatment, continued scratching and flea dirt, or even noticing fleas alive on your cat several days after treatment.
If you suspect flea resistance, it’s a good idea to switch to a product with a different active ingredient. For example, if you’ve been using Frontline Plus, which contains fipronil, consider switching to Advantage II, which uses imidacloprid. This change in ingredients can help target fleas that may have become resistant to the original treatment.
💡 Pro Tip: Rotate flea treatments every few months to reduce the risk of resistance. Always consult your vet before making any changes to your cat’s flea control regimen.
| Flea Treatment Resistance | Signs of Resistance | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Continued flea activity after treatment | Fleas are adapting to the active ingredient | Rotate flea treatments every few months to avoid resistance 🚨 |
Comment 15: “What’s the best flea treatment for cats with sensitive skin?”
Cats with sensitive skin require flea treatments that are gentle yet effective. Topical treatments like Revolution or Advantage II are often recommended because they contain milder formulations compared to other flea treatments, yet still provide strong flea-killing action. Revolution, in particular, is known for being gentle on sensitive skin, as it uses selamectin, a less irritating ingredient that also protects against ear mites and heartworm in addition to fleas.
For cats with skin allergies or frequent reactions, consider using natural flea treatments like Vet’s Best Flea and Tick Spray, which contains plant-based ingredients and is free from harsh chemicals. However, be sure to test a small amount first to ensure there are no adverse reactions.
💡 Pro Tip: Before applying any flea treatment, make sure your cat’s skin is free from open sores or excessive irritation. If they have active skin issues, consult your vet about the safest treatment option.
| Flea Treatments for Sensitive Skin | Why They Work | 💡 Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Revolution, Advantage II | Milder formulations with less irritation | Use natural treatments with plant-based ingredients if needed 🌿 |