Stages of Degenerative Myelopathy in Dogs

Degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the spinal cord of dogs. Resembling human conditions like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), DM remains a challenge for veterinarians due to its slow progression and inevitable outcome. This article delves deep into the stages of degenerative myelopathy in dogs, offering insights into each phase of the disease.

1. Early Signs: The Onset of Degenerative Myelopathy

Often beginning in senior dogs, DM’s first stage is marked by a subtle lack of coordination, typically in the hind limbs. Owners may observe:

• Dragging of the hind feet: This can cause the toenails to be worn down.
• Swaying of the hind end: When the dog walks, its back end may sway or seem unstable.
• Difficulty rising: After resting or sleeping, the dog might struggle to get up.

These signs may be intermittent and can be easily mistaken for other conditions or simple aging.

2. Worsening Symptoms: The Intermediate Phase

As DM progresses, signs become more pronounced and frequent. During this stage:

• Obvious limb weakness: Dogs might struggle with tasks like jumping onto furniture or climbing stairs.
• Crossing of the hind legs: When walking, one hind leg might cross over the other, leading to stumbling.
• Muscle loss: The muscles in the hind legs begin to atrophy due to lack of use.

At this point, the symptoms are hard to ignore. Still, many owners adapt to the dog’s limitations, using supportive harnesses to help with mobility.

3. Loss of Hind Limb Function: Advanced DM

This stage is characterized by:

• Complete loss of hind limb function: Dogs cannot bear any weight on their back legs.
• Incontinence: They might experience urinary and fecal incontinence.
• Restlessness and discomfort: Some dogs may show signs of discomfort, though DM itself is not known to be painful.

Many dog owners opt for mobility aids, like dog wheelchairs, to help their pets maintain some semblance of normalcy.

4. Forelimb Involvement and Complications

The disease, unfortunately, does not stop at the hind limbs. Over time, the degeneration can advance to the front legs. During this stage:

• Weakness in the forelimbs: A gradual weakening of the front legs becomes noticeable.
• Difficulty swallowing or breathing: As DM impacts the upper body, respiratory issues and problems with swallowing can emerge.

5. Final Stages: Total Immobility

This is the most challenging phase for both the pet and the owner:

• Loss of all mobility: The dog cannot move on its own, even with the help of mobility aids.
• Total dependency: Dogs become entirely dependent on their caregivers for all daily activities, including feeding and toileting.

The Importance of Early Detection

Understanding the stages of DM can help dog owners spot early symptoms, leading to better management of the condition. While there’s no cure for DM, early detection, supportive care, and physical therapy can slow its progression and ensure that the dog remains comfortable.

FAQs on Degenerative Myelopathy in Dogs

What causes degenerative myelopathy in dogs?

Degenerative myelopathy results from a mutation in the SOD1 gene. This mutation leads to spinal cord nerve cells’ degeneration, ultimately affecting the dog’s motor functions. It’s worth noting that while the presence of this mutation increases the risk, not all dogs with the mutation will develop DM.

How is DM diagnosed?

DM is typically diagnosed based on clinical signs and by ruling out other conditions with similar symptoms, such as intervertebral disc disease or hip dysplasia. Advanced diagnostic tools like MRIs can help, but a definitive diagnosis often comes post-mortem through a spinal cord tissue examination.

Can DM be prevented?

While there’s no surefire way to prevent DM, responsible breeding can help reduce its incidence. Genetic tests are available to detect the SOD1 gene mutation. By screening breeding dogs and making informed pairing choices, breeders can decrease the chances of producing affected pups.

Are certain dog breeds more prone to DM?

Yes, certain breeds have a higher predisposition. These include the German Shepherd, Boxer, Welsh Corgi, and Chesapeake Bay Retriever, among others. However, DM can occur in any breed.

Is DM painful for the affected dog?

DM itself is not believed to be painful as it affects the motor neurons and not the sensory neurons. However, secondary complications like pressure sores or joint issues due to immobility might cause discomfort.

How can I support my dog if diagnosed with DM?

Several measures can enhance a dog’s quality of life:

• Physical therapy: Gentle exercises can help maintain muscle mass and promote circulation.
• Mobility aids: Products like harnesses or wheelchairs can aid movement, allowing the dog to enjoy walks and play.
• Nutrition: A balanced diet, possibly supplemented with specific nutrients or antioxidants upon vet’s advice, can be beneficial.
• Regular vet check-ups: Monitoring the disease’s progression allows for timely interventions and management adjustments.

Is there a cure for DM?

As of now, there’s no cure for DM. Treatment focuses on slowing the disease’s progression and providing supportive care to maintain the dog’s quality of life.

Can medications slow down DM progression?

While no drug can halt DM, certain medications might offer modest benefits in slowing its progression or managing secondary issues. Some veterinarians recommend a combination of vitamins and antioxidants, like vitamin E and acetylcysteine, although the efficacy varies.

How can I mentally support my DM-affected dog?

Engage your dog in stimulating activities that don’t require significant mobility. Puzzle toys, gentle massages, and even short outings in a doggy stroller can enrich their lives. Most importantly, ensure they have quality time with their human family, as your companionship is invaluable.

What research is being done on DM?

DM is actively studied by veterinary neurologists and geneticists worldwide. There’s ongoing research on gene therapy, molecular basis of the disease, and potential drug treatments. Research not only benefits affected dogs but also offers insights into human conditions like ALS.

How does DM differ from other spinal issues in dogs?

While DM primarily affects the spinal cord’s white matter, causing nerve degeneration, other conditions might impact different areas of the spine or have varied causes. For instance, Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) involves the discs between the vertebrae and can cause nerve compression. Symptoms might overlap, but the disease processes and treatments differ.

Do environmental factors influence DM?

There isn’t conclusive evidence linking environmental factors directly to DM’s onset. However, overall health, which can be influenced by environment, diet, and exercise, may play a role in the disease’s progression.

Are there holistic treatments for DM?

Many dog owners seek complementary therapies to aid their pets. Some options include acupuncture, hydrotherapy, and herbal supplements. While anecdotal evidence suggests these might help with symptoms or mobility, it’s essential to consult with a veterinarian to ensure they’re safe and appropriate for your dog.

Can a puppy be tested for predisposition to DM?

Yes. Genetic tests can identify the presence of the SOD1 mutation associated with DM. While it doesn’t guarantee the onset of the disease, it gives breeders and potential owners information about the genetic risk.

How do I differentiate between DM and age-related mobility issues?

Age-related mobility issues often stem from joint problems like arthritis. Symptoms might include stiffness after rest, reluctance to jump, or visible joint swelling. DM, on the other hand, starts with hind limb weakness and progresses steadily. A veterinarian will be able to conduct tests and evaluations to provide a definitive answer.

Do supplements like turmeric or omega-3 fatty acids help in managing DM symptoms?

Omega-3 fatty acids and turmeric (specifically its active component, curcumin) are believed to have anti-inflammatory properties. Some owners report that these supplements seem to help their DM-affected dogs, but rigorous scientific evidence is still limited. Always consult with a veterinarian before introducing supplements to ensure they won’t interfere with other treatments or cause unintended side effects.

What changes can I make at home to accommodate my DM-affected dog?

Several adjustments can make your home more accessible:

• Ramps: If your dog struggles with stairs, ramps can be a great alternative.
• Slip-resistant mats: These can provide better traction on slippery floors.
• Orthopedic beds: These can offer better support and alleviate any pressure points.
• Regular repositioning: If your dog has limited mobility, helping them change positions can prevent pressure sores.

How does DM affect a dog’s appetite and dietary needs?

DM itself doesn’t directly impact a dog’s appetite. However, decreased activity might alter caloric needs. Also, immobility can cause digestive issues like constipation. Adjusting diet, possibly with higher fiber content or specific nutrients, can help address these challenges.

Is there a global community or support group for DM-affected dogs’ owners?

Yes, several online communities and forums provide support, share experiences, and offer advice on managing DM. Such platforms can be invaluable for emotional support and practical tips from those undergoing similar challenges. Always verify any advice with a veterinarian.