10 Best Pet Insurance Policies for Breeding Dogs
Professional breeders walk a razor’s edge—juggling the health of their animals and the survival of their business. Yet, when it comes to insuring the very engine of that business—the breeding dogs—most policies slam the door shut. Breeding is explicitly excluded by almost every major pet insurer unless you opt for the rare “breeding endorsement.”
🔍 Quick Key Takeaways
| ❓Question | ✅Answer |
|---|---|
| Can regular pet insurance cover breeding? | No—breeding is almost always excluded. You need a breeding rider. |
| Are planned C-sections covered? | Almost never. Only emergency C-sections are eligible under most riders. |
| Which company offers best value for price? | Rainwalk – affordable, flexible, and excellent customer service. |
| Best for chronic conditions? | Trupanion – lifetime per-condition deductible saves money long-term. |
| Do I need to insure before mating? | Yes! If the dam is already pregnant, nothing is covered. |
| Any plans cover pre-existing conditions? | AKC Pet Insurance after 365 days—unique in the industry. |
| Can I self-insure instead? | Only if you’re financially prepared for $10,000+ emergencies. |
| Is exam fee coverage included? | Only by Rainwalk and selectively by Figo with add-ons. |
🛡️ “Which Providers Actually Cover Breeding? Here’s the Real List (And Why Most Don’t)”
Most pet insurers completely exclude breeding and anything tied to pregnancy, whelping, or nursing. Why? Because these aren’t random accidents—they’re planned, high-risk business activities. Including them in standard policies would hike premiums for everyone.
| 🏆 Provider | 🍼 Breeding Rider Offered? | ✂️ Emergency C-Section | 🔍 Exam Fee Covered? | 🧮 Deductible Model | 💬 Customer Sentiment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AKC Pet Insurance | ✅ Yes | ✅ Yes | ❌ Requires add-on | Annual | 👍 Trusted, layered but complex |
| Trupanion | ✅ Yes | ✅ Yes | ❌ Not included | Per-condition | 🤝 Strong for catastrophic events, costly |
| Rainwalk | ✅ Yes | ✅ Yes | ✅ Included | Annual | 💚 Rave reviews, best for value |
| Figo | ⚠️ Conditional only | ⚠️ Sometimes | ⚠️ Add-on required | Annual | 😐 Mixed (customizable but unclear breeding terms) |
| Nationwide | ❌ No | ❌ No | ✅ Sometimes | Annual | ❌ No breeding support |
| Embrace | ❌ No | ❌ No | ✅ Yes | Annual | ❌ Breeding excluded |
| Fetch | ❌ No | ❌ No | ❌ No | Annual | ❌ Not suitable for breeders |
| Pets Best | ❌ No | ❌ No | ✅ Optional | Annual | ❌ Strong for general, not breeders |
| Healthy Paws | ❌ No | ❌ No | ❌ No | Annual | ❌ Breeding totally excluded |
| Lemonade | ❌ No | ❌ No | ❌ No | Annual | ❌ Fast app, zero breeding relevance |
💡 “Why Is My Planned C-Section Still Not Covered? Even With a Breeding Policy?”
Because it’s not an emergency. Insurers will only reimburse C-sections if they’re performed as an unplanned, medically necessary response to dystocia (difficult labor).
Breed tendencies don’t matter. Even if you always plan C-sections for your Frenchie or English Bulldog, it’s elective in the eyes of the policy.
| ❗ Scenario | 💰 Covered? | 💬 Why? |
|---|---|---|
| Emergency C-section during labor | ✅ Yes | Unexpected medical necessity |
| Scheduled C-section before labor | ❌ No | Considered elective |
| C-section for convenience or timing | ❌ No | Commercial choice, not emergency |
📌 Tip: Always document labor complications thoroughly. Without clear records from your vet labeling the procedure as “emergent,” you’ll risk denial.
🔐 “What If My Dam Is Already Pregnant When I Buy Insurance?”
Nothing will be covered. Full stop.
Pregnancy is considered a pre-existing condition if it begins before the end of the policy’s waiting period. All breeding riders require activation before mating.
| 📅 Timeline | 🧬 Coverage Outcome |
|---|---|
| Insurance purchased after mating | ❌ No coverage for pregnancy or pups |
| Insurance purchased during heat, before mating | ⚠️ Risky—many insurers still deny |
| Insurance active 30+ days before breeding | ✅ Coverage eligible after waiting period |
🧠 Expert Hack: Use a breeder calendar to time when to start policies. Add buffer weeks to clear all waiting periods.
💰 “How Much More Does Breeding Insurance Really Cost?”
A lot—but less than one emergency can cost. Adding a breeding rider can double your premium, but a single emergency C-section averages $2,000–$4,000, and treating eclampsia or mastitis can add thousands more.
| 🐶 Breed Example | 🧾 Base Premium | ➕ Breeding Rider | 🧮 Total Monthly |
|---|---|---|---|
| German Shepherd (3 yrs) | $54.70 | $38.89 | $93.59 (AKC) |
| French Bulldog (2 yrs) | $35.85 | $25.00 | $60.85 (Rainwalk) |
| Golden Retriever (5 yrs) | $66.00 | $49.00 | $115.00 (Trupanion) |
💬 Tip: Budget your insurance like a supply cost. It’s part of the business model—not just pet care.
🧠 “Annual vs. Per-Condition Deductibles: What’s Better for Breeders?”
The deductible model determines how often you pay out-of-pocket before insurance kicks in.
| 🔁 Annual Deductible | 💡 Best For… |
|---|---|
| Resets yearly | Dogs with unrelated issues |
| Predictable yearly cap | Breeders with multiple dogs |
| AKC, Rainwalk, Figo | Easier budgeting |
| ♾️ Per-Condition Deductible | 💡 Best For… |
|---|---|
| Paid once per diagnosis | Dogs prone to chronic issues |
| Never pay again for same issue | Key breeding stock with known risk |
| Trupanion | Costlier but smart for long-term illnesses |
💡 Breeder Strategy: Use annual deductible if insuring many dogs; per-condition if insuring your high-value dam.
📞 “Which Companies Offer Actual Breeder Support?”
Some providers go beyond the policy and offer marketing tools, discounts, and puppy insurance options that make them breeder-friendly.
| 🏢 Company | 🎁 Puppy Go-Home Offers | 💸 Breeder Discounts | 👤 Support Line |
|---|---|---|---|
| AKC Pet Insurance | ✅ Yes | ✅ 10% AKC programs | ✅ Breeder Specialist |
| Trupanion | ✅ Yes | ✅ Varies | ✅ Data on health lines |
| Rainwalk | ✅ Link Program | ✅ 10% multi-pet | ✅ Fast, human help |
| Figo | ✅ Good Dog only | ❌ None listed | ⚠️ General support only |
🧠 Tip: If you’re selling registered litters, a puppy go-home insurance offer doubles as a sales tool and buyer reassurance.
🧾 Key Takeaways – What the Smart Breeder Needs to Know
| ❓Question | ✅ Fast Answer |
|---|---|
| Is a breeding rider worth it? | Yes—without it, you have zero coverage. |
| Which company is best overall? | Rainwalk for value; Trupanion for long-term security. |
| Can I wait until pregnancy starts? | No—insurance must be active before breeding. |
| Are claims easy to process? | Rainwalk and AKC lead in smooth claims; Trupanion has vet-direct pay. |
| Will I pay more for a Bulldog vs. a Lab? | Yes—high-risk breeds have much higher premiums. |
| What’s the biggest coverage myth? | That a standard plan includes pregnancy—it never does. |
| Can I drop coverage between litters? | Risky—waiting periods reset. Stay covered year-round. |
| What’s the best combo strategy? | Use insurance + emergency fund to hedge all risk. |
FAQs
🔍 “Isn’t self-insuring cheaper than paying monthly premiums for breeding coverage?”
Not always—and here’s why:
The logic behind self-insurance seems solid until you face a cluster of complications in a single heat cycle. Think about this:
| 🐾 Scenario | 💸 Real Cost (No Insurance) | ⚠️ Frequency in Breeding Dogs |
|---|---|---|
| Emergency C-section (night/weekend) | $2,500–$5,000 | Common in brachycephalic & toy breeds |
| Eclampsia with hospitalization | $1,800–$4,000 | Moderate risk, especially in large litters |
| Pyometra surgery + ICU | $3,000–$6,500 | Statistically increases after age 4 |
| Fading puppy syndrome (entire litter ICU) | $2,500–$10,000 | High-risk in certain bloodlines |
Even one of these can wipe out a year’s earnings, or worse—force rehoming or pausing your program due to financial strain. A breeding rider, even at $40–$160/month, offsets this massive unpredictability.
💡 Expert Tip: Combine a high-deductible policy with a breeder’s emergency fund. That way, you’re only insuring disaster, not maintenance.
💬 “Can I get insurance for just one whelping cycle, then cancel?”
You can, but you probably shouldn’t.
Breeding endorsements come with mandatory waiting periods—often 14–30 days—and pre-existing pregnancy exclusions. So timing must be perfect.
| 📆 Timeline Example | 🚫 Denied If… |
|---|---|
| Insurance bought after ovulation | Pregnancy not covered |
| Policy canceled right after whelping | Miss postnatal complication coverage (mastitis, eclampsia) |
| Breeding multiple females staggered across months | Loss of coverage for future litters |
This isn’t a casual cancellation model. It’s more like leasing security—you walk away, but you lose protection for the unpredictable.
🧠 Breeder Strategy: If you breed seasonally, pause wellness add-ons between litters, but keep the base + breeding rider active year-round.
❓ “Do any plans cover puppies after birth if they need ICU?”
Most don’t—but some allow for indirect protection.
Most policies don’t cover puppies unless they’re individually insured as separate policyholders. However:
- AKC’s 30-day Go Home Certificate can cover illnesses in puppies from 8 weeks when placed with buyers.
- Rainwalk and Trupanion’s breeder programs allow some temporary postnatal coverage for retained pups (if enrolled early).
- Some riders may reimburse treatment for puppy complications if directly caused by the dam’s covered breeding complication.
| 🐶 Post-Whelping Risk | ❗ Dam Covered? | ❗ Pups Covered? |
|---|---|---|
| Milk fever (eclampsia) in dam | ✅ Yes | ❌ No (unless secondary effects) |
| Litter resuscitation after dystocia | ✅ Possibly (if part of emergency) | ❌ Not standalone |
| Neonatal ICU for fading pups | ❌ Not covered | ❌ Needs separate policies |
🎯 Key Advice: For retained puppies, enroll them by 6–8 weeks. You’ll dodge future “pre-existing condition” denials.
🤔 “How do I compare plans when every dog has different risks?”
Start with your breed’s known complications and your breeding goals. Then match those needs against provider strengths.
| 📊 Your Focus | ✅ Best Fit | 🔍 Why |
|---|---|---|
| Chronic or repeat issues (e.g. mastitis, prolapse) | Trupanion | Lifetime per-condition deductible, great for recurrence |
| Many dogs, need budget flexibility | Rainwalk | Multi-pet discount, customizable, includes exams |
| Show dogs, tied to AKC lineage | AKC Pet Insurance | AKC Breeder discounts, pre-ex re-evaluation |
| Puppies sold through platforms | Figo (Good Dog) | Seamless transfer to buyers |
| Cash-flow management, no waiting for reimbursements | Trupanion | Direct vet pay in minutes |
🧠 Decision Rule: Choose your provider the way you choose a stud—not for looks or hype, but for genetic match to your program’s goals.
📣 “Can I switch providers if I don’t like the current one?”
Yes—but it’s not painless.
| ⚠️ Switching Risk | 🔍 Consequence |
|---|---|
| Pre-existing conditions reset | 🚫 No coverage for known issues under new plan |
| Waiting periods restart | ⌛ 14–30 days unprotected |
| Breeding riders may not transfer | 📉 Lose coverage if new provider doesn’t offer it |
Trupanion is especially notorious for “locking in” users with high premiums after claims, because no one else will cover that condition. But all providers operate under the same pre-existing rules.
📌 Safest path: Only switch before a dog develops breeding-related issues, or when insuring new, young breeding stock.
🧬 “Do any companies consider genetics when pricing breeding coverage?”
Not formally—but breed-specific data does affect premiums.
| 🧬 Breed Type | 💰 Insurance Cost Impact | 🧠 Why |
|---|---|---|
| Flat-faced breeds (Bulldogs, Pugs) | 🔺 High | Dystocia, C-sections, brachycephalic syndrome |
| Toy breeds (Chihuahuas, Yorkies) | 🔺 High | Hypoglycemia, milk production issues |
| Large working breeds (Rotties, Shepherds) | ⚖️ Mid-high | Pyometra, orthopedic complications |
| Designer crosses (Goldendoodles, Cavapoos) | ⚖️ Mid | Less statistical predictability |
| Rare breeds | 🔄 Variable | Depends on carrier underwriting confidence |
🧠 Insider Insight: If your line is predisposed to a chronic condition (e.g., thyroid disease, inverted vulvas), consider a per-condition deductible model like Trupanion. If not, stick with annual models for cost control.
🧾 “Can I write off breeding insurance as a business expense?”
Yes, if you report your breeding as a business.
Insurance premiums related to your dogs’ medical care are deductible under Schedule C if:
- You have an EIN or report a breeding income
- The dogs are used for commercial breeding, not pets
- You maintain proper expense tracking
| 📂 Deductible? | ✅ If… |
|---|---|
| Breeding insurance | Dog is income-producing |
| Wellness plans or add-ons | If tied to medical upkeep of breeding stock |
| Puppy go-home trials | As marketing expense or customer benefit |
🧠 Pro Tip: Consult a tax advisor familiar with livestock and animal business deductions. They can help maximize your write-offs while remaining audit-safe.
💬 “If I do progesterone timing and have a singleton pregnancy, is that considered a complication for insurance?”
Singleton pregnancies are not always viewed as complications unless they lead to emergency intervention, such as dystocia or uterine inertia. Progesterone timing itself, while medically necessary for breeders, is not reimbursable under any current pet insurance plan—even with a breeding rider—because it’s considered part of planned reproduction, not illness.
| 🧬 Scenario | 🧾 Covered? | 📌 Why It Matters |
|---|---|---|
| Progesterone timing | ❌ No | Classified as elective testing |
| Singleton pregnancy with C-section | ✅ Yes, only if emergency | Must be labeled non-elective by vet |
| Singleton requiring oxytocin induction | ⚠️ Sometimes | Must prove labor failed to progress |
🧠 Tip: If you know singleton risk is high (e.g., confirmed by ultrasound), discuss this with your vet early to ensure documentation supports “medical necessity” if intervention is required.
🐶 “Can I add the breeding rider only for females, or do studs need it too?”
Most carriers design breeding riders specifically for dams, as they bear the risk of pregnancy, labor, lactation, and postpartum disorders. Studs are generally not eligible for breeding coverage, but their health can still impact fertility claims if a broader wellness or diagnostic package is selected.
| 🐕 Role | 💼 Coverage Needs | ⚠️ Breeding Rider Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| Dam (female) | Pyometra, mastitis, C-section, eclampsia | ✅ Yes, breeding rider required |
| Stud (male) | Infertility testing, prostate issues, injury | ❌ Rider not applicable, general plan sufficient |
| Retired breeding dogs | Age-related issues, endocrine changes | ❌ No longer eligible for breeding rider |
📌 Insight: If you’re freezing semen, storage and collection are not covered under any standard plan—they’re categorized as reproductive elective procedures.
🧬 “Does any plan cover artificial insemination or TCI?”
No insurance plan in the U.S. currently covers AI, transcervical insemination (TCI), or surgical insemination, even under a breeding endorsement. These procedures are categorized as elective fertility methods—akin to IVF in humans—and are excluded by every major provider.
| 🔬 Procedure | 🧾 Covered? | ❌ Why Not? |
|---|---|---|
| Vaginal AI | ❌ No | Non-medical reproduction |
| TCI (endoscopic) | ❌ No | Elective, not a treatment |
| Surgical AI | ❌ No | Invasive, elective |
💡 Alternative Strategy: If you’re spending regularly on fertility methods, consider itemizing them under business expenses (IRS Schedule C) instead of expecting reimbursement from pet insurance.
📈 “How do I predict if premiums will rise after a claim?”
Premium hikes depend on provider model:
- Trupanion: Premiums don’t increase due to claims but may rise based on regional cost-of-care inflation.
- Rainwalk & AKC: Premiums may adjust annually based on breed-specific trends, age, and claims volume.
- Figo & Embrace: Community-pooled models may increase rates after multiple high-cost claims or if your dog ages into a higher risk tier.
| 📊 Plan Type | 📈 Rate After Claims | 🔍 Key Factor |
|---|---|---|
| Trupanion | 🚫 No claim-based hike | Region & vet fee inflation only |
| Rainwalk | ⚠️ Possibly | Breed and age recalculated annually |
| Figo | ✅ Often increases | Claim history + age factor |
🧠 Strategy: Ask your provider about “rate lock guarantees” or file only high-cost claims if you’re trying to keep premiums low in community-pooled systems.
💉 “Do insurers cover pyometra in intact females even without the rider?”
Only if the plan does not exclude breeding-related conditions, which is rare. Most insurers consider pyometra part of the breeding reproductive system, and if your policy excludes conditions linked to intact females, you won’t be reimbursed.
| 🧪 Condition | 🧾 Covered Without Rider? | 📌 Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Pyometra (open or closed) | ❌ Usually excluded | Treated as reproductive complication |
| Mammary tumors | ⚠️ Sometimes | Covered if not linked to lactation |
| Vaginal hyperplasia | ❌ No | Often tied to estrus cycle, excluded |
💡 Tip: If you’re keeping intact females who are not actively breeding, request written clarification about pyometra and estrus-linked conditions before purchasing a plan.
🧾 “Can I still get reimbursed if I pay in full before my claim is approved?”
Yes, but only if your provider allows post-payment claims. Most do, but you’ll need:
- Detailed itemized invoice
- Vet medical records with diagnosis + treatment rationale
- Claim form completed and signed
Some providers like Trupanion offer direct pay to the vet, meaning you only pay your deductible and coinsurance at the time of service.
| 💳 Payment Method | 🧾 Claim Process | ⏱️ Timeline |
|---|---|---|
| Upfront, out-of-pocket | ✅ Reimbursed after review | 5–15 business days |
| Direct pay (Trupanion) | ✅ Vet is paid directly | Same day |
| Payment plans via vet | ⚠️ May delay claim | Need proof of full amount billed |
📌 Document Tip: Always request your vet include the exact reason for surgery/treatment—phrasing matters. “Emergency dystocia” gets approved; “scheduled C-section” gets denied.
🔍 “If I switch providers, will my breeding coverage reset too?”
Yes—everything resets, including:
- Pre-existing condition exclusions
- Waiting periods
- Breeding rider activation
- Any time-earned condition exemptions (like AKC’s 365-day coverage for pre-existing conditions)
| 🔄 Action | 🔁 Result |
|---|---|
| Switch carriers | ❌ Past coverage no longer applies |
| Reactivate same provider after lapse | ⚠️ Considered new policy, resets start |
| Add rider later | ⏳ New waiting period begins from rider date, not original plan |
🧠 Plan Wisely: If your dog has a prior uterine prolapse, pyometra, or mastitis, those will not be covered by a new provider—even if they’re now dormant conditions.
💬 “Can I insure a dam during her heat cycle or is that already too late?”
Technically, yes—but it’s a dangerous gamble.
Most insurance providers require you to purchase both the base plan and breeding rider well before ovulation, as the heat cycle can initiate hormonal changes that influence medical conditions (e.g., pyometra, false pregnancy, or vaginal edema). Once any signs of estrus begin, insurers may deny related claims, citing the condition as pre-existing or elective.
| 📅 Stage of Repro Cycle | ✅ Breeding Insurance Eligibility | ⚠️ Risk of Denial |
|---|---|---|
| Before heat starts | ✅ Full eligibility | 🔽 Low risk |
| During proestrus (bloody discharge) | ⚠️ Allowed, but risky | 🔺 Moderate |
| In estrus (standing heat) | ⚠️ Conditional, risky | 🔺🔺 High |
| Post-breeding | ❌ No coverage for current cycle | 🚫 Automatic denial |
🧠 Breeder’s Hack: Initiate insurance at least 30 days before a planned heat. Some seasoned breeders keep dams covered year-round to ensure coverage continuity through unpredictable cycles.
🧠 “What about coverage for false pregnancies or silent heats?”
False pregnancies (pseudocyesis) can present clinically—complete with lactation, nesting behavior, and mammary gland swelling—but few providers reimburse treatment unless the dog’s discomfort requires medical intervention (like diuretics, hormonal therapy, or anxiety meds).
Silent heats, while frustrating for timing, typically aren’t insurable because they lack visible pathology.
| 🩺 Condition | 🧾 Coverage Likelihood | 🧬 Notes |
|---|---|---|
| False pregnancy (clinical signs) | ✅ If treatment is prescribed | Document vet intervention |
| False pregnancy (mild or behavioral only) | ❌ Not reimbursed | Considered benign |
| Silent heat | ❌ Not covered | No diagnosis = no claim |
📌 Tip: If your dam repeatedly experiences false pregnancies with complications, you may need to consider this in breeding suitability assessments, not just insurance planning.
🐾 “If I insure a litter, does that cover their registration exams or vaccines?”
No standard accident/illness policy covers routine preventive care, including vaccinations, deworming, or microchipping—unless you purchase a separate wellness plan add-on. However, some providers like AKC and Trupanion Breeder Support Programs offer trial wellness policies for puppies going to new homes, which can include registration-related exams or early wellness screens.
| 🐶 Puppy Services | ❓ Covered? | 🧾 Where/How |
|---|---|---|
| First vet exam for registration | ❌ Not under illness/accident | ✅ Sometimes included in wellness add-on |
| Vaccinations (DHPP, Bordetella) | ❌ Standard exclusion | ✅ With wellness rider |
| Deworming | ❌ No | ✅ Add-on or client-paid |
| Health cert for flight/home | ❌ No | Breeder expense unless included in sale |
🧠 Marketing Advantage: Offering 30-day puppy plans at pickup builds trust with buyers and reduces post-sale medical confusion. Ask your provider about transferable trial programs.
💬 “Can breeding coverage be used if I’m co-owning the dam with another breeder?”
It depends on policyholder designation.
If only one co-owner is listed on the insurance, they are the sole party authorized to file claims, receive reimbursements, and make coverage decisions—even if expenses are split. This can become a legal and logistical nightmare during emergencies.
| 👥 Co-ownership Setup | 🧾 Coverage Status | 📌 Best Practice |
|---|---|---|
| Only one owner listed | ✅ Active, but limited to policyholder | Legal agreement recommended |
| Joint ownership with one handler | ✅ With clear designation | One point of contact required |
| Split homes (alternating care) | ⚠️ Risky for continuous coverage | Use one vet, consolidate records |
📌 Critical Tip: Choose the primary handler as the policyholder and store vet invoices centrally. Otherwise, claims may be denied for “lack of treatment continuity.”
🔬 “What diagnostic tests are reimbursed under breeding policies?”
Only medically necessary diagnostics are covered. That means progesterone timing, semen analysis, and cytology are almost always excluded because they’re classified as elective reproduction tools, not treatments for illness or injury.
Covered diagnostics include:
- Bloodwork for eclampsia
- Ultrasound for dystocia or fetal distress
- Radiographs to assess uterine torsion or retained placenta
- Urinalysis for pregnancy-induced UTI
| ⚗️ Diagnostic | ✅ Reimbursed? | 🧬 Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Progesterone test (timing) | ❌ No | Considered elective |
| Pregnancy ultrasound (routine) | ❌ No | Only reimbursed if labeled diagnostic for illness |
| Eclampsia blood panel | ✅ Yes | Must be tied to clinical signs |
| X-ray post-labor complications | ✅ Yes | Best with vet annotation for clarity |
🧠 Insider Tip: Instruct your vet to include medical justifications (e.g., “suspected fetal retention” vs. “litter confirmation”) in diagnostic notes. It improves approval odds significantly.
💬 “Will my policy cover mastitis in a nursing dam?”
Only if the condition develops acutely and was not pre-existing. Mastitis, if diagnosed during or after nursing, is reimbursable under most breeding riders—but supportive supplements, lactation-enhancing herbs, or preventive probiotics are excluded unless bundled in a prescription.
| 🍼 Condition | ✅ Covered? | 🧾 Claim Success Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical mastitis with abscess or infection | ✅ Yes | Include diagnostic cytology if available |
| Low milk production without infection | ❌ No | Not a disease under insurance terms |
| Lactation support supplements | ❌ No | Not reimbursable unless compounded in Rx formula |
📌 Tip: Document symptoms early (heat, swelling, disuse of teats) and request vet confirmation of infection. Home remedies do not qualify as reimbursable treatment.
