Acepromazine for Cats π±π
Acepromazine is a commonly used tranquilizer in veterinary medicine, prescribed to calm anxious cats, prevent motion sickness, or aid in pre-anesthetic sedation. While it has long been a staple in the U.S. for feline sedation, its effects can be unpredictable, leading many veterinarians to use it selectively or in combination with other medications.
π Key Takeaways: Quick Answers to Common Questions β
Question | Quick Answer |
---|---|
What is Acepromazine used for in cats? | Sedation, motion sickness prevention, and pre-anesthetic preparation. |
How does it work? | Blocks dopamine and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, leading to tranquilization and blood pressure reduction. |
How long does it last? | 4-8 hours (effects vary by cat and dosage). No known reversal agent. |
Does it treat anxiety? | No. It sedates but does not reduce fearβsome cats may remain anxious but unable to move. |
Whatβs the typical dosage? | Oral: 0.5β2.2 mg/kg every 6-8 hours. Injectable: 0.025β0.1 mg/kg (IM, IV, SC). |
What are the side effects? | Low blood pressure, slow heart rate, third eyelid elevation, rare aggression. |
Which cats should NOT take Acepromazine? | Cats with heart disease, liver disease, seizures, or low blood pressure. |
What are safer alternatives? | Gabapentin, trazodone, dexmedetomidine, or benzodiazepines for sedation/anxiety. |
π©Ί What Is Acepromazine, and How Does It Work?
Acepromazine is a phenothiazine tranquilizer that reduces movement and relaxes muscles by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. It also causes vasodilation (widening of blood vessels), leading to a drop in blood pressure.
π§ͺ How Acepromazine Works in Cats
Effect | Mechanism 𧬠| What It Does |
---|---|---|
Sedation π΄ | Blocks dopamine receptors | Decreases movement and responsiveness but does NOT reduce anxiety. |
Hypotension (low blood pressure) π | Alpha-1 receptor blockade | Causes blood vessel dilation, leading to lower heart rate and reduced circulation. |
Motion Sickness Prevention π | Affects the vomiting center in the brain | Reduces nausea but is less effective than newer alternatives. |
Lack of Pain Relief β | No effect on pain receptors | Must be combined with analgesics if pain relief is needed. |
π Vet Tip: Acepromazine is not an ideal choice for anxious cats because it sedates the body without reducing fear. Cats may appear calm but remain internally distressed.
πΎ When Should Acepromazine Be Used for Cats?
Acepromazine has specific uses where it is beneficial, but it is not the best choice for every cat or situation.
β When Acepromazine Is Useful vs. β When It Should Be Avoided
Use Case | Recommended? β /β | Reasoning & Best Practices |
---|---|---|
Sedation for travel or vet visits βοΈ | β οΈ Sometimes | Works in some cats, but gabapentin or trazodone may be more effective and safer. |
Motion sickness prevention π | β Yes | Helps reduce vomiting but should be given 30-60 minutes before travel. |
Pre-anesthetic sedation π₯ | β Yes | Used before surgery to reduce anesthetic dosage. |
Aggressive or fractious cats πΎ | β No | May cause paradoxical excitement, making aggression worse. |
Chronic anxiety management π¨ | β No | Does not treat anxietyβcan make cats feel trapped in their fear. |
π Vet Tip: If your cat needs sedation for a stressful event, ask your vet if gabapentin or dexmedetomidine would be a better alternative.
π How to Dose and Administer Acepromazine for Cats
Acepromazine must be given under veterinary guidance as its effects can vary significantly between cats.
π Standard Dosage Guidelines for Cats
Route | Typical Dosage | Onset of Effects β³ | Duration β³ |
---|---|---|---|
Oral (tablet form) | 0.5β2.2 mg/kg every 6-8 hours | 30-60 minutes | 4-8 hours |
Injectable (IM, IV, SC) | 0.025β0.1 mg/kg | 10-30 minutes | 4-8 hours |
π Vet Tip: Always test a small trial dose before a major event (like travel or a vet visit) to see how your cat reacts.
β οΈ What Are the Side Effects of Acepromazine in Cats?
Acepromazine is generally safe when used correctly, but some cats are more sensitive to its effects.
π¨ Common & Rare Side Effects of Acepromazine
Side Effect | Cause π€ | Is It Dangerous? π¨ | What to Do? β |
---|---|---|---|
Low blood pressure (hypotension) π©Έ | Vasodilation effect. | β Can be serious. | Monitor for weakness or collapse; contact a vet if severe. |
Third eyelid elevation ποΈ | Normal drug response. | β Not harmful. | Will go away as the drug wears off. |
Decreased tear production π₯² | Affects eye lubrication. | β οΈ May cause eye dryness. | Use artificial tears if needed. |
Slow heart rate (bradycardia) β€οΈ | Cardiovascular effect. | β οΈ Caution in older cats or those with heart disease. | Monitor at homeβseek vet advice if cat appears weak. |
Paradoxical excitement πΎ | Dopamine blockade affects cats differently. | β Can be dangerous if aggression worsens. | Discontinue use if the cat becomes hyperactive or aggressive. |
π Vet Tip: Cats with pre-existing heart disease, liver disease, or seizures should NOT be given Acepromazine due to increased risks.
π Alternatives to Acepromazine for Cats
If Acepromazine isnβt the best fit for your cat, several safer and more effective alternatives are available.
π Comparing Acepromazine to Other Sedatives & Anxiety Medications
Medication | Best Forβ¦ π | Key Advantage β | Key Drawback β |
---|---|---|---|
Gabapentin π | Travel anxiety, vet visits | Mild sedation, fewer side effects. | May cause mild incoordination. |
Trazodone π€ | General sedation | Less risk of hypotension. | Takes longer to work. |
Dexmedetomidine (Sileo gel) π¦· | Procedural sedation, fear reduction | Reversible with atipamezole. | Can cause drowsiness. |
Benzodiazepines (Midazolam, Alprazolam) π | Fast-acting anxiety relief | Reduces fear instead of just sedating. | May cause paradoxical excitement. |
π Vet Tip: Ask your vet about newer, reversible sedatives like dexmedetomidine for safer pre-procedure calming.
ποΈ Final Thoughts: Is Acepromazine Right for Your Cat?
- βοΈ Good for short-term sedation, motion sickness prevention, and pre-anesthetic use.
- βοΈ NOT ideal for anxiety or aggressionβbetter alternatives exist.
- βοΈ Should be dosed carefully due to unpredictable reactions in cats.
π¬ Still have questions? Drop them below! Our veterinary experts are here to help ensure your catβs safety and comfort. πΎπ±
π¨οΈ Expert Answers to Your Questions
π¬ Comment 1: “Can I use acepromazine to calm my cat during fireworks?”
No, acepromazine is not recommended for noise-related anxiety, including fireworks, thunderstorms, or loud events. While it sedates the body, it does not reduce fear or anxiety. In fact, studies suggest that some cats may experience heightened sensitivity to sound while on the drug, making fireworks even more stressful.
π₯ Why Acepromazine Is Not Ideal for Fireworks Anxiety
Concern π¨ | Why Itβs a Problem? π€ | Better Alternative β |
---|---|---|
Sedates but does not relieve fear β | Cats remain mentally alert but physically unable to react. | Gabapentin (reduces fear and sedation). |
Increased noise sensitivity π | Some cats become more reactive to loud sounds. | Trazodone (mild sedative that calms the nervous system). |
Unpredictable effects πΏ | Some cats may become hyperactive or agitated instead of calm. | Sileo (dexmedetomidine gel)βworks specifically for noise phobia. |
π Vet Tip: For fireworks or storm anxiety, ask your vet about anxiety-specific medications like gabapentin, trazodone, or Sileo (dexmedetomidine gel), which are more effective and safer.
π¬ Comment 2: “How long does acepromazine last in cats?”
Acepromazineβs effects typically last 4 to 8 hours, but this can vary depending on the catβs metabolism, age, and health status. Some cats may experience lingering drowsiness for up to 24 hours, especially if they have liver or kidney conditions affecting drug clearance.
β³ How Long Acepromazine Stays Active in Cats
Factor | Typical Duration β³ | What to Expect |
---|---|---|
General effect duration | 4-8 hours | Most cats return to normal within this timeframe. |
Delayed metabolism (older cats, liver/kidney disease) | 8-24 hours | Prolonged sedation, may need monitoring. |
Higher doses or repeated use | Up to 12 hours | Grogginess, low energy, slower movements. |
Low-dose or sensitive cats | 2-4 hours | Lighter sedation, but still effective. |
π Vet Tip: If sedation lasts more than 24 hours or if your cat seems extremely weak or unresponsive, contact your veterinarian immediately.
π¬ Comment 3: “Can acepromazine cause aggression in cats?”
Yes, acepromazine can cause “paradoxical excitement,” meaning instead of calming a cat, it can actually increase agitation or aggression. This occurs because the drug blocks dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in both movement control and emotional regulation. Some cats react unpredictably, showing hyperactivity, disorientation, or even aggression.
β οΈ When Acepromazine Causes Aggression: Key Risks
Situation | Why It Happens? π€ | Solution β |
---|---|---|
Overexcited or fearful cats πΎ | Some cats react opposite to sedation due to their brain chemistry. | Use gabapentin or trazodone, which have more predictable calming effects. |
Fractious or highly stressed cats π₯ | Acepromazine sedates but does not relieve fear, leading to trapped panic. | Try midazolam or dexmedetomidine for sedative and anxiety-relief effects. |
Low-dose reactions β‘ | Small doses may not fully sedate, leading to agitation. | Increase dose under vet guidance or switch medications. |
π Vet Tip: If your cat has ever reacted badly to acepromazine, avoid using it againβswitch to a more predictable sedative like gabapentin or dexmedetomidine.
π¬ Comment 4: “Can acepromazine be used for long car trips?”
Yes, acepromazine can be used for car trips, but it is not the best option for all cats. While it helps with motion sickness by reducing nausea, it does not actually relieve travel-related anxiety. Gabapentin or trazodone are often better choices because they reduce stress while also providing mild sedation.
π Best Sedation Options for Travel & Motion Sickness
Medication | Effectiveness for Car Travel π | Pros β | Cons β |
---|---|---|---|
Acepromazine | β οΈ Moderate | Reduces motion sickness, sedates. | Does NOT relieve anxiety, unpredictable response. |
Gabapentin | β Best choice | Calms anxiety, mild sedation, safer for long trips. | May cause mild incoordination. |
Trazodone | β Good | Sedates + reduces stress, longer effect. | Takes longer to start working (1-2 hours). |
Cerenia (maropitant) | β Best for nausea | Prevents vomiting without sedation. | Does NOT calm anxiety. |
π Vet Tip: If your cat gets stressed AND motion sick, a combination of Cerenia for nausea + gabapentin for relaxation works best.
π¬ Comment 5: “My catβs third eyelid is showing after taking acepromazine. Is this normal?”
Yes, this is a normal and temporary side effect of acepromazine. The drug affects the autonomic nervous system, which can cause the nictitating membrane (third eyelid) to become more visible. While it may look alarming, it is harmless and will resolve as the drug wears off.
ποΈ Third Eyelid Elevation & What It Means
Appearance | Cause π€ | Should You Worry? π¨ | What to Do β |
---|---|---|---|
Mild third eyelid exposure π΄ | Normal reaction to sedation. | β No, this is expected. | Monitor; should return to normal in 4-8 hours. |
Severe third eyelid exposure π¨ | Too strong of a sedative response. | β οΈ Only concerning if cat is unresponsive. | Ensure hydration, keep cat warm, monitor for excessive lethargy. |
Persistent third eyelid showing after 24 hours β³ | Possible dehydration or low blood pressure. | π¨ Yes, may indicate prolonged drug effect. | Contact your vet if it does not resolve. |
π Vet Tip: If the third eyelid remains elevated for more than 24 hours, it could indicate prolonged sedation or dehydrationβcontact your vet.
π¬ Comment 6: “Is acepromazine safe for older cats?”
Caution is required when using acepromazine in senior cats. Older cats often have reduced liver and kidney function, which slows drug metabolism, leading to longer-lasting sedation and increased risk of low blood pressure.
π± Risks of Acepromazine in Senior Cats & Safer Options
Risk Factor | Why Itβs a Concern? π¨ | Better Alternative β |
---|---|---|
Slower drug metabolism π₯ | Prolonged sedation, increased drowsiness. | Gabapentin (safer, shorter-acting). |
Low blood pressure risk π | Vasodilation can cause fainting, weakness. | Trazodone (less impact on blood pressure). |
Increased sensitivity π΄ | Older cats may experience excessive grogginess. | Lower starting dose or alternative sedative. |
π Vet Tip: If using acepromazine in an older cat, start with the lowest dose possible and monitor for prolonged sedation, disorientation, or weakness.
π¬ Comment 7: “Can Acepromazine be used for aggressive cats during vet visits?”
No, acepromazine is not recommended for aggressive or highly reactive cats. While it sedates the body, it does not calm the mind, meaning a fearful or aggressive cat may still feel anxious and defensive but lack full control over movement. In some cases, acepromazine can even worsen aggression by causing disorientation or paradoxical excitement.
πΎ Why Acepromazine Is a Poor Choice for Aggressive Cats
Concern π¨ | Why Itβs a Problem? π€ | Better Alternative β |
---|---|---|
Does not reduce fear or stress β | The cat remains anxious but unable to express it normally. | Gabapentin (mild sedation + anxiety relief). |
Paradoxical reactions β‘ | Some cats become hyperactive or aggressive instead of sedated. | Trazodone (calmer, more predictable sedation). |
Does not offer pain relief π©Ή | If aggression is pain-related, acepromazine will not help. | Buprenorphine (mild pain relief + relaxation). |
Slows reactions but not thinking π§ | Cats may feel trapped in their fear without control over movement. | Dexmedetomidine (Sileo)βprovides true sedation + anxiety relief. |
π Vet Tip: If your cat needs sedation for handling, ask about gabapentin or dexmedetomidine, which are safer and more effective for stress reduction.
π¬ Comment 8: “What should I do if my cat had an overdose of acepromazine?”
Acepromazine does not have a direct reversal agent, so treatment focuses on managing symptoms until the drug wears off. If overdose occurs, cats may experience severe lethargy, dangerously low blood pressure, loss of coordination, or unresponsiveness.
π¨ Signs of Acepromazine Overdose & What to Do
Overdose Symptom | Why It Happens? π€ | Immediate Action β |
---|---|---|
Extreme lethargy, unresponsiveness π΄ | Excessive sedation due to overdose. | Keep cat warm, monitor breathing, call vet immediately. |
Very low blood pressure (weakness, collapse) π | Alpha-1 receptor blockade causes severe vasodilation. | Vet may need to administer IV fluids to restore circulation. |
Slow or shallow breathing π¨ | Respiratory depression (rare but serious). | Seek emergency veterinary care immediately. |
Severe disorientation, stumbling π | Neurological suppression from high dose. | Prevent falls, keep cat in a safe, quiet area. |
π Vet Tip: If an overdose is suspected, immediately call your veterinarian or an emergency animal hospitalβsupportive care, IV fluids, or oxygen therapy may be required.
π¬ Comment 9: “Can I give my cat acepromazine with other medications?”
Caution is needed when combining acepromazine with other drugs, as interactions can increase sedation, slow heart rate, or lower blood pressure too much. Some combinations can be safe under veterinary supervision, while others should be strictly avoided.
β οΈ Acepromazine Drug Interactions: Safe vs. Dangerous Combinations
Medication Type | Interaction Risk π¨ | Precaution β |
---|---|---|
Gabapentin (for anxiety/sedation) π | β Safe if dosed correctly | Use lower doses of both drugs together. |
Trazodone (sedative/anxiolytic) π€ | β οΈ Moderate risk | Can cause excessive sedationβuse under vet guidance. |
Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam, alprazolam) π΄ | β οΈ High risk | May lead to severe drowsiness, poor coordination. |
Opioids (e.g., buprenorphine, morphine) π | β Dangerous | Can intensify sedation, suppress breathing. |
NSAIDs (e.g., meloxicam, carprofen) π©Έ | β Safe | No major interactions, but monitor hydration. |
Antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine) π€§ | β οΈ Moderate | Can increase drowsiness significantly. |
π Vet Tip: Always inform your veterinarian about all medications your cat is taking before starting acepromazine to avoid dangerous interactions.
π¬ Comment 10: “Can acepromazine be used for post-surgery recovery?”
Acepromazine is not ideal for post-surgical recovery. While it sedates cats and reduces movement, it does not relieve pain, and its effect on blood pressure may interfere with healing. If pain management is the goal, opioids or NSAIDs are a better choice.
π©Ή Why Acepromazine Is Not Recommended After Surgery
Concern π¨ | Why Itβs a Problem? π€ | Better Alternative β |
---|---|---|
No pain relief β | Surgery patients need analgesics, not just sedation. | Buprenorphine (opioid) or NSAIDs. |
Lowers blood pressure π | Post-surgery, low BP can slow healing. | Gabapentin (mild pain relief + sedation). |
May delay recovery time β³ | Longer sedation = longer post-op grogginess. | Trazodone (safer sedative for post-op calmness). |
π Vet Tip: After surgery, pain management should be the priorityβask your vet about buprenorphine, NSAIDs, or gabapentin instead of acepromazine.
π¬ Comment 11: “My cat is acting restless after taking acepromazine. What should I do?”
Restlessness or agitation after acepromazine can indicate a paradoxical reaction, where instead of sedation, the cat becomes more active, vocal, or disoriented.
π Why Some Cats Become Restless on Acepromazine & What to Do
Reason π€ | Why It Happens? | Solution β |
---|---|---|
Paradoxical excitement πΎ | Some cats have dopamine sensitivity that causes hyperactivity instead of sedation. | Discontinue acepromazineβswitch to gabapentin or trazodone. |
Underdosing β | If the dose is too low, the cat may feel weird but not fully sedated. | Ask your vet about adjusting the dose or changing medications. |
Increased noise sensitivity π | Some cats become more reactive to sounds. | Keep the cat in a dark, quiet room until the effects wear off. |
π Vet Tip: If your cat becomes hyperactive or disoriented instead of sedated, do not give another doseβcall your vet for an alternative.
π¬ Comment 12: “Is acepromazine safe for kittens?”
Acepromazine should be used with extreme caution in kittens due to their developing nervous system and increased sensitivity to sedation. It is generally not recommended for kittens under 4 months old.
π± Risks of Using Acepromazine in Kittens
Concern π¨ | Why Itβs Risky? | Safer Alternative β |
---|---|---|
Immature liver function π₯ | Slower metabolism can lead to prolonged sedation. | Gabapentin (safer, milder effect). |
Increased risk of low blood pressure π | Kittens are more sensitive to circulatory changes. | Trazodone (better tolerated). |
Unpredictable sedation effects π΄ | Can cause deep sedation or paradoxical excitement. | Dexmedetomidine (reversible sedative). |
π Vet Tip: If sedation is necessary for a kitten, ask your vet about gabapentin or trazodone, which are gentler and safer for young cats.
π¬ Comment 13: “Can I use acepromazine for my catβs separation anxiety?”
No, acepromazine is not an appropriate treatment for separation anxiety in cats. While it induces sedation, it does not address the underlying emotional distressβmeaning your cat may still experience fear but be unable to physically react. Over time, this can make anxiety worse, rather than better.
πΏ Why Acepromazine Does Not Help Separation Anxiety
Concern π¨ | Why Itβs a Problem? π€ | Better Alternative β |
---|---|---|
No anxiety relief β | It does not target stress-related neurotransmitters. | Gabapentin or trazodoneβboth reduce fear and provide sedation. |
Can worsen fear response β οΈ | Cat remains anxious but sedated, feeling trapped. | Feliway pheromone diffusers can help create a calming environment. |
Potential for long-term stress β³ | If used frequently, can reinforce fear behaviors. | Behavioral training + natural supplements (Zylkene, Anxitane). |
π Vet Tip: If your cat experiences severe separation anxiety, consult your vet about long-term solutions like fluoxetine (Prozac for cats) or Clomipramine.
π¬ Comment 14: “Can acepromazine be used for cats with heart disease?”
No, acepromazine should be avoided in cats with heart disease due to its strong effect on blood pressure and heart rate. The medication causes vasodilation (widening of blood vessels), which can lead to dangerously low blood pressure and reduced circulation.
π Why Acepromazine Is Risky for Heart Disease Cats
Heart Condition | Why Itβs a Concern? π¨ | Safer Alternative β |
---|---|---|
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) β€οΈ | Can exacerbate low blood pressure and cause collapse. | Gabapentin (milder sedative, safer cardiovascular profile). |
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) π | Reduces circulatory efficiency, worsening symptoms. | Trazodone (less impact on blood pressure). |
Bradycardia (slow heart rate) β³ | Acepromazine can further slow heart rate, increasing risk. | Dexmedetomidine (adjustable dosage and reversible effects). |
π Vet Tip: If your cat has heart disease but needs sedation, consult your vet for safer alternatives like gabapentin or trazodone.
π¬ Comment 15: “Can acepromazine be given daily?”
No, acepromazine is not intended for daily use. Its effects are unpredictable, and long-term administration can lead to health risks such as hypotension, prolonged sedation, and increased sensitivity over time. It is best used occasionally, for short-term sedation purposes only.
β³ Risks of Frequent Acepromazine Use
Issue π¨ | Why Itβs a Problem? π€ | Alternative Strategy β |
---|---|---|
Tolerance Development β οΈ | Over time, the same dose may become less effective. | Rotate with other mild sedatives like gabapentin or trazodone. |
Increased Risk of Side Effects π | Daily use heightens risks of low blood pressure & disorientation. | Use as-needed only, and always under vet supervision. |
Lack of Long-Term Benefits β | It does not address chronic conditions (like anxiety). | Consider behavioral modification therapy + supplements. |
π Vet Tip: For long-term anxiety or stress management, speak with your vet about safer daily medications like fluoxetine (Prozac for cats) or buspirone.
π¬ Comment 16: “Can acepromazine cause long-term health problems?”
While occasional use is unlikely to cause long-term harm, frequent or high-dose use of acepromazine may contribute to:
- Chronic low blood pressure, which can affect organ function over time.
- Delayed metabolism in older cats, leading to prolonged sedation.
- Behavioral changes, especially if used incorrectly for anxiety-related conditions.
π°οΈ Long-Term Risks of Acepromazine in Cats
Risk | Why It Happens? π€ | How to Prevent It β |
---|---|---|
Chronic low blood pressure π | Repeated vasodilation lowers circulation over time. | Limit use to occasional sedation only. |
Increased sensitivity to the drug β οΈ | Some cats become more sedated over time with smaller doses. | Use lowest effective dose and monitor reactions. |
Disrupted neurological balance π§ | Long-term dopamine blockade can affect mood & behavior. | Use safer, targeted medications for anxiety instead. |
π Vet Tip: If your cat has been using acepromazine regularly, speak with your vet about safer, long-term alternatives.
π¬ Comment 17: “Can acepromazine be used before euthanasia to calm my cat?”
Yes, some veterinarians may use acepromazine before euthanasia to provide mild sedation, but it is not always necessary or the best option. Many vets prefer medications that offer both sedation and pain relief, ensuring a more peaceful process.
π Sedation Options Before Euthanasia
Medication | Effect | Best Use β |
---|---|---|
Acepromazine π | Mild sedation, no pain relief. | For calming anxious cats before the procedure. |
Gabapentin π€ | Mild sedation, reduces anxiety. | Good for home euthanasia prep. |
Buprenorphine π | Sedation + pain relief. | Ideal for older cats with chronic pain. |
Dexmedetomidine (Sileo) π΄ | Stronger sedation, anxiety relief. | For cats needing deep relaxation. |
π Vet Tip: If you want to ensure a gentle, stress-free euthanasia process, ask your vet about the best sedative option based on your catβs needs.
π¬ Comment 18: “What should I do if my cat is still hyper after taking acepromazine?”
If your cat remains alert, agitated, or hyperactive after acepromazine, this could be a paradoxical reactionβwhere instead of sedation, the cat experiences the opposite effect.
πΎ Why Some Cats Do Not Respond Well to Acepromazine
Cause π€ | Why It Happens? | Solution β |
---|---|---|
Dopamine sensitivity π§ | Some cats react oppositely due to unique brain chemistry. | Switch to gabapentin or trazodone for sedation. |
Incorrect dosage π | Too low a dose may cause agitation instead of calmness. | Do not re-doseβcall your vet for guidance. |
Underlying medical condition π₯ | Some illnesses increase resistance to sedation. | Rule out hyperthyroidism or neurological issues. |
π Vet Tip: If acepromazine fails to sedate your cat, discontinue use and consult your veterinarian for a more suitable option.